Tip !

Approximately 9 cups of fluid are required daily during pregnancy. Additional fluids are needed in case of hot climates and with physical activity; a women should drink enough to keep urine light-colored and normal in volume. Examples of fluids include water, diluted fruit juice, unsweetened beverages, and iced tea-are all good choices to stay hydrated. 

Rate of weight gain during is generally highest around mid pregnancy which is prior to the time the fetus gains most of its weight. 

Some weight should be gained in the first trimester (3-5 lb). However, no weight loss is allowed during pregnancy. 

Pregnancy

Pregnant women experience many body changes during this period of gestation. The total body water increases 7 to 10 L.  The plasma volume begins to increase within a few weeks after conception reaching the maximum at 34 weeks. It's also known that as plasma volume increases birth weight increases too, and that it's an indicator of healthy pregnancy. Lab results in this period show a "dilution effect" where water-soluble vitamins tend to decrease and fat-soluble vitamins show that they are increased; which is normal. In addition, women experience hormonal changes, where the placenta produces both estrogen and progesterone and other hormones that contribute in supporting the normal physiological changes of pregnancy. Women, in the third trimester, encounter the "diabetogenic effect" where insulin resistance occurs and glucose is transfered to the fetus as a main source of energy ( the placenta uses 30-40% of glucose delivered by the maternal circulation). 

Food Exchange List - Arabic

Nutrition During Lactation

~ well-balanced diet (diet affects quality of milk)

~ don't skip meals, eat 5 meals daily (3 main meals, and 2 snacks)

~ Liquid intake is very important (1-2 L /d) 

~ include a source of calcium on each meal ( for a higher quality of milk) 

~ include a source of iron on each meal ( heme and non-heme with vitamin C ) 

~ Include a variety of fruits and vegetables to help get rid of constipation ( sanitation is important)

~ Avoid hot spices and excessive intake of onions and garlic 

~ Avoid fried foods and high fat meals, include the good sources of fat in your diet

~ Avoid the intake of sugar-free products (since actual effects are still unknown)

~ Avoid raw foods ( bacteria may be transfered to the baby) 

~ Avoid foods that cause bloating ( cabbage, cauliflower, radish ...) 

~ Avoid high amounts of coffee (keeps the baby alert) , a max of 2 cups a day.

~ Avoid alcohol and smoking 

~ excersizing is beneficial, but discuss with your doctor (when it's permitted). 

MNT Nephrotic Syndrome

Energy: 35 kcal/ kg (IBW) for adults

              100 - 150 kcal/ kg for children

Protein: 0.8 - 1g / kg.  ( 50% HBV)

Fat: 25 - 35% 

        <7% saturated fat

        < 200mg cholesterol

CHO: 50 - 60 %

Na: individualized according to HTA and edema 

K+: individualized according to lab results, may be replaced in case of diuretics 

Phosphorus: individualized based on lab results

Ca: individualized , ~ 800 - 1200 mg/d

Fluids: based on urine output 

Multivitamin supplements is recommended to prevent deficiencies. 

Nephrotic Syndrome